ABBREVIATIONS

Tangkhul-Naga Grammar ( A Study of Word Formation )

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ABL	Ablative	FOC	Focus
ACC	Accusative	FX	Formative affix
ADV	Adverbial(izer)	GEN	Genitive
AGT	Agentive(suffix)	HAB	Habitual
ASP	Aspect	HON	Honorific
ASS	Associative	HOR	Hortative
ATTRI	Attributive	HUM	Human
AUG	Augmentative	IMM	Immediate aspect
AUX	Auxiliary	IMP	Imperative
B	Base (word)	INCHO	Inchoative
BEN	Benefactive	IND	Indicative
CAUS	Causative	INF	Infinitive
CL	Classifier	INSTR	Instrumental
CLIT	Clitic	INTRJ	Interjective particle
COMI	Comitative	INTSF	Intensifier
COMP	Complementizer	Lit	Literal translation
CMPRT	Comparative	LOC	Locative
CONCS	Concessive	M	Masculine
COND	Conditional	MOD	Modal
CONT	Continuous	MODF	Modifier
COP	Copula(r)	MULT	Multiplicative
CP	Conjunctive particle	N	Noun/nominal
DAT	Dative	NEG	Negative
DEF	Definitive	NF	Non-finite
DES	Desiderative	NFUT	Non-future
DET	Determiner	NOM	Nominative
DIM	Diminutive	NOMZ	Nominalizer
DIR	Directional	OBLG	Obligatory
DRV	Derivative	OPT	Optative
DUBI	Dubitative	PART	Particle
DUR	Durative	PERM	Permissive
DV	Dummy/support verb	PL	Plural
E	Echo word	POSB	Possibility
ECV	Explicator compound verb	POSS	Possessive
ELV	Elevational	POT	Potential
EMP	Emphatic	PP	Past participle
ENTR	Entreative	PRAG	Pragmatic (particle)
EXCL	Exclamation	PPROG	Present progressive
EXP	Expressive	PRESUM	Presumptive
F	Feminine	PROB	Probability
PROG	Progressive	REM (T)	Remote (temporal)
PROX	Proximate	rt	Root
PUNC	Punctual	SFE	Sentence final element
PURP	Purposive	SG	Singular
Q	Interrogative	SBJNC	Sunjunctive
Q (E)	Echo Question	SIMUL	Simultaneous
Q (WH)	Wh-Question	SPEC	Specifier
Q (YN)	Yes-no question	SUG	Suggestive
QNT	Quantifier	SUP	Superlative
QT	Quotative	T	Temporal
R	Replacer	TOP	Topic
REC	Reciprocal	TR	Transitive/transitivizer
REDU	Reduplicator	V	Verb/verbal
REFX	Reflexive	VOC	Vocative
REM	Remote	WH	Wh-element
REM (S)	Remote (spatial)

NOTATION

In addition to the usual conventions for the use of italics and quotation marks, the following notation is used.

1.	first person
2.	second person
3.	third person
? question mark	dubious/not very acceptable
* asterisk	ungrammatical
~ tilde	with morphemes/words indicates free variation
Ø Zero	deleted coreferrential element
/ oblique	alternative terminology or alternating items
- hyphen	morphemic boundary in the language material and corresponding division in the glass
+ plus sign	combined categories in the gloss represented by a single element in the language material; sequential element in a construction
equals sign	corresponding gloss/grammatical roles; two roles identified as a single relation
( ) parentheses	optional or understood element
[ ] square brackets	encloses phonemic representation
/ / slashes	encloses morphemic representation
GLOSS IN CAPITALS	in the inset examples indicates potential gloss of Grammaticalized morpheme or pragmatic item
Underlining	two or more grammatical elements/morphemes in the inset examples represented by a single copulative meaning/gloss
	supplies meaning/gloss of grammatical element (s)/morpheme (s) for the inset examples in the relevant section.
TRANSCRIPTION
Because of some technical problems the following changes are made in the transcription :
ü	for high unrounded central vowel [ i ]
ā	for higher – low central vowel [ * ]
v	for labiodental approximant [ υ ]
η	for velar nasal [ŋ ]
?	for glottal stop [?]
š	for slightly nasalized dental-alveolar fricative [ s ]
V	for semi-vowel
Tones	are marked partially (with [ü] , [∂] , [I] , [ε] , [ū] , [ā] leaving unmarked) in chapter 1 only.