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1. FUNCTIONS

The language/s chosen or permitted for use in administration may have to perform the following functions of administrations:

a) Public to the Government:
It should help the public to communicate with the Government.

b) Government to the Public:
It should be used to communicate the official decisions and other official matters related to public interest.

c) Governmental or Departmental:
It should be used to communicate within the jurisdiction of the concerned Government, State or Central.

d) Processing:
Within the machinery of the Government it should be put to use for processing the communications received from the public, other offices of the same Government and from other Governments.

e) Inter-State:
It should be used to communicate with other State Governments.

f) Legislations - Written:
It should be used in written form to frame rules, regulations, procedures, etc., that help the
State and Union to govern.

g) Legislations - Oral:
It should be used in the spoken form on formal occasions, forums and in discussions relating to the issues mentioned in (f) above.

h) Service in State and Union :
It should be in use in the process of selection of personnel for service in the concerned jurisdiction.

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of the language chosen to perform these functions can be codified as follows: It should be:
a) easy to comprehend,
b) simple to use,
c) economic to express/communicate,
d) amenable to the process of standardization, modernization and mechanization,
e) precise and able to make finer distinctions of meaning to legislate and interpret,
f) reflect the political system it represents,
g) in active use among majority of the people to be governed by it,
h) has a history of its use in administration,
i) has competence to express the aspirations of the Government and the governed,
j) in a position to gain respect from the people who are going to be governed by it,
k) find acceptance from all those governed by it, and
l) a part of the educational system.

3. CHARACTERISTICS : STRUCTURAL

From the totality of language, a segment comprising of certain elements that are frequent and essential for intricate administrative functioning forms the core of the language used for administration. The frequent sentence patterns of it are listed here.1

a) Verbless constructions.
b) Use of prohibitive constructions instead of negative imperative constructions.
c) Use of definitive imperative constructions instead of imperative constructions.
d) Use of the following types of constructions to bring impersonal impression:
(i) Passive constructions and
(ii) Verbal-noun constructions.
e) Use of derived transitives verbs, and verbs derived from nouns.
f) Non-use or rare use of intransitive verbs.
g) Rare use of constructions with verbs of the informative register.
h) Use of constructions in which a non-human noun is referred to by the human pronoun and usage of human personal ending to the verbs.
i) Use of paragraph sentence constructions.
j) Non-use of I and II person pronouns in the constructions.
k) Use of tenseless constructions.
l) Constructions rendered in the written style of the language.
m) Constructions using the adverbs that are not in frequent use in the informative register.
n) Constructions using more than one connector.
o) Constructions using the nouns as verbs.
p) Constructions with deleted case markers.
q) Constructions with unusual case markers
r) Constructions without figuratives.

4. IMPLICATIONS

Implications on different spheres of life of the choice of a language for use in administration are elucidated below:

a) Linguistics
i) Spread of its use into the new territories of administration,
ii) Growth of the language -
- impetous in the process of standardization,
- access to the processes of modernization and mechanization,
- growth of vocabulary stock due to accretion,
- development of tendencies such as purism, liberalism, eclecticism,
- historical changes in the basic structure of language,
iii) Increased use in media for mass communication.

b) Educational

i) Becomes a part of educational system,
ii) May become medium of instruction at various levels of education,
iii) Knowledge of it may become a precondition or past-condition for employment.

c) Social

i) Becomes a language with prestige,
ii) Helps the speakers to develop an independent identity,
iii) May develop social equality among speakers of different dialects of the same language,
iv) May develop social inequality among speakers of other languages within the same administered territory,
v) May lead to homogeneity and cohesion, and dissolve social tensions,
vi) May develop heterogeneity, and non-cohesion and create social tensions.

d) Psychological

i) The speakers of that language may feel elated and claim superiority,
ii) The speakers of other languages within the same administered territory may feel depressed thus leading to inferiority,
iii) Emotional attachment from the speakers of it as their mother tongue,
iv) Emotional detachment from the speakers of other mother tongues of the same administered territory.
v) May develop positive attitude towards it among mother tongue speakers of it,
vi) May develop negative or repulsive attitude towards it, among non-mother tongue speakers of it, residing in the same region.

e) Political

i) May lead to the polarisation of political parties,
ii) Question of its use or non-use may become a 'question' of the survival of a political party,
iii) May become a tool for use during elections to various bodies and positions.

f) Geographical

i) May become a criterion to unite the territories in which it is in use.

g) Economic

i) Overtly, may widen the economic opportunities of the users of it by crating and/or widening the employment market,
ii) Overtly, may widen the economic opportunities of the printers, publishers, technologists, authors, etc., by creating new avenues of income,
iii) May lead to development in various walks of life by making the information available to the needy who were deprived of the same thus for due to lack of communication.

h) Cultural

i) May be able to keep the people being administered united emotionally irrespective of their home language, sect, caste, religion and other such variables,
ii) May be able to carry the heritage to the next generations,
iii) May be able to imbibe or absorb the culture of all the people being administered.

5. STRATEGIES

The policy framework for the use of language in administration is elucidated in the Constitution and some of the Official Language Acts of the Union and States, Reports of the Commissions and Committees seen in the previous sections have taken care of the sentiments of the users of language in administration and those administered, in their respective spheres of Union and States. In order to implement the policy the following measures and strategies are adopted by the Union and States.

a) Mechanical
i) Providing of Official Language typewriters and now
ii) Computers.

b) Manpower
i) Training of the employees in the use of Official Language in administration,
ii) Training of the typists and stenographers in the Official Language,
iii) Training in translation of documents from and to Official Language,
iv) Making the knowledge of the Official Language compulsory to enter the Government, and quasi-Government service as pre-condition or post-condition.

c) Material

i) Providing adequate and necessary technical terms,
ii) SProviding bilingual and multilingual glossary,
iii) Providing Manuals and Acts in the concerned Official Language.

d) Temporal

i) Graded switchover year by year from the language already in use for administration to the new Official Language,
ii) Switchover taking place horizontally or vertically in the Government. That is, switching over department-wise, or switching over from taluk level, district level and then at secretariat level, district level and then at secretariat level to the Official Language.

The development of disharmony if any need not be only among the non-mother tongue speakers of the Official Language. It can even develop among the mother tongue speakers, because they have to adust to the changed circumstances. So, this policy of gradual strategy of implementation has helped the growth of confidence among the officials and made it possible for officials to equip themselves to adjust to the new situation.